International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 22

International Business - Essay Example Operating under three main segments -- Automobiles, Motorcycles, and Financial Services, the company well-known three brands -- BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce, goes with the popularity of company. Its BMW automobile range encompasses the 1 Series, Series 3, the 5 Series, and 7 Series, the sports utility vehicles, X3, X5, and X6 and M models, such as M3, M5, and M6. It makes available to customer cars under MINI brand and motorcycles under the BMW brand. The Rolls-Royce brands include three luxury cars, Phantom, Coupe and Ghost. With continued production assembly, services and sales subsidiaries made throughout the world, (Reuters, 2010a), BWM is undeniably a global company that can be affected by globalization. One of best proofs of a company’s attainment of its long-term health is the behaviour of its stock price in the stock market as the same could indicate achievement of wealth maximization objective (Bernstein, 1993; Brigham and Houston, 2002). This paper seeks to examine how the BMW may have benefited from the actual and potential impacts of globalization on the company by analysing the possible strategies that the company has employed. This will also evaluate the possible strategies of going forward which the company might use to response to the impacts of globalization that would be identified. The paper will discuss first the different models to understand the company’s strategies. The models include the PEST, Five-Forces and SWOT and determine whether the same are applied by BMW in its choice of strategies. The paper will end-up evaluating the present strategies used by the company and recommend what should be done by company in relation with models describe. The analysis will include using available information for BMW from its 2010 Annual Report and its websites. This paper has chosen BMW as this researcher finds interesting to see how car manufacturers could really

Regional Problems and Urban Problems Experienced In UK Economy Essay Example for Free

Regional Problems and Urban Problems Experienced In UK Economy Essay United Kingdom economy is a developed economy. Developed economies experiences different challenges as its tries to sustain its operations, in this essay I shall write on the urban and regional problems experienced in the United Kingdom economy. According to Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, (2006) growth of the economy came along with increased migration to the cities where the economic activities were many. This migration strains the resources available such as the infrastructure of roads, railways, water and sewage systems, waste managements and sustainable supply of food and other consumable goods (Jacobs, 2006). Such straining of limited resources makes them more expensive as a result lives in the cities is becoming expensive by the day. There is also stiff competition for the available job opportunities as the local and migrants from other countries flock in the country in seek of Jobs. These ends up denying the locals who are not much skilled accessibility to Jobs which leads to most people being Jobless in cities which are expensive to sustain their livelihood they therefore result to crime. This is the reason why state of insecurity and crime is in increase as the economy grows. According to George, (2007) the regions surrounding such strong economies tend to dwindle because most of their experienced laborer seeks employment in the already developed economies because their compensations are much higher. This denies them a chance to develop as they brain washed. The performances of such economy and its effect in the region could be measured by use of Regional Economic Performance (PSA) target and Gross Value Added (GVA). Therefore there is need to strategize on how United Kingdom would be able to solve the regional and urban problems which they experience for its sustainability References George, C, 2007. ‘Regional Activity Relocation Problems In A Developing Economy’, Center of Economic Research. Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 311-338 Jacobs, B, 2006. ‘Cities Under Stress: Problems of Development and Decline’, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 104 – 112. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, (2006), UK Presidency EU Ministerial Informal on Sustainable Communities, Available at http://www. communities. gov. uk/documents/cit

The Possibilities of Expanding the Business into New Overseas Markets E

The Possibilities of Expanding the Business into New Overseas Markets As international marketing consultant of Mackie’s of Scotland, the ice cream maker, it is my duty to consider the possibilities of expanding the business into new overseas markets, successfully. The Scottish ice cream market will be researched thoroughly. The UK target market of Mackie’s will be analysed. Finally a suitable country will be chosen to market the product to. The countries that will be selected from will be Saudi Arabia, Germany or Ireland. The UK ice cream market is estimated to be worth  £1.25 billion. Mackie’s of Scotland have been making ice cream in Aberdeenshire since the 1960’s, although they have been farming since before the turn of the century. Ice cream has been in existence since 618A.D but is rumoured to have been invented in 200B.C in China. The first documentation of ice cream in Britain is dated in 1672 during the reign of Charles II. The uniqueness of Mackie’s ice cream is that firstly it is made in Scotland, it is made with the help of Jersey and Angus cows, it is run by a Scottish family/workforce, Mackie’s is the market leader in Scotland with 45% of the market and has an 11% UK wide market. Mackie’s aim is to strengthen its UK market position and then look into potential export opportunities. These factors mean that the company and product are idea and ripe for expansion into foreign markets. Mackie’s trademark symbol is a milkmaid milking a cow in a field. The traditional flavour of the ice cream is represented by blue packaging. It is not called vanilla but simply traditional. No flavours are added to Mackie’s Traditional. Other flavours in the range include Honeycomb Harvest, Strawberry and Cream, Caramel Choc Mint, Absolutely Chocolate as well as Organic Ice Cream. Traditional is available in 120ml tubs, 500ml, 1 litre, 2 litre, 5 litre and 10 litre tubs. Honeycomb Harvest, which has orange, blue and white packaging, is available in all sizes except 2 and 10 litre tubs. Strawberry and Cream, which has red, blue and white packaging, is available in all sizes except 500ml, 2 and 10 litre tubs. Caramel Choc Mint, which has green, blue and white packaging, is available in 1 and 5 litre tubs. Absolutely Chocolate, which has brown, blue and white packaging, is available in all sizes except 500ml, 2 and 10 litre tubs. O... ...he market. The Saudis use Riyals the Germans and Irish operate on Euros. The country that I would choose to market the ice cream to would be Ireland. Politically Scotland and Ireland use similar techniques, they trade with similar countries, agriculture and industry are the main sources of income. Economically Ireland is stable. The amount of tourists that visit Ireland is quite phenomenal and it would be an opportunity wasted if Mackie’s don’t enter the market there. Ireland has a low population which could be seen as a good attribute, this is because Mackie’s are already market leader in Scotland, which has a population of 5 million. Therefore 2.8 million people to target would be relatively cheap, and another market could belong to Mackie’s. Technologically Ireland is advancing. However only ice cream giants like Wall’s will have far superior ice cream making equipment than Mackie’s. Technology advances in the country could help Mackie’s in Scotland. I feel that Saudi Arabia would not accept the product with specific Scottish branding. Germany being a very nationalistic country would also reject the ice cream as they would favour German brands of ice cream.

The Unbearable Lightness of Being - It is Better to Carry a Heavy Load

The Unbearable Lightness of Being - It is Better to Carry a Heavy Load "Is it better to carry a heavy load on your shoulders, or cope with the unbearable lightness of being?" Phillip Kaufman coupled brilliant film techniques with wonderful acting to put together the film The Unbearable Lightness of Being based off of Milan Kundera's novel of the same title. The film is set in Prague during the spring of 1968. At this time the Russians are still trying to exercise their communist control over Czechoslovakia, and Prague is a city filled with political uprisings and violent outbursts from the Czech people. Within the movie and the plot, Kaufman and Kundera want to help us answer the question, "is it better to carry a heavy load on your shoulders, or cope with the unbearable lightness of being?" The answer comes to us through watching the love triangle that is built around Sabina, Tereza, and Tomas. Sabina is our example of the individual who would rather cope with the unbearable lightness of being than deal with all of the maladies of everyday life. Tereza on the other hand fully accepts the world around her, whether it is pleasant or not. The movie uses the ir artwork, their concern for political issues, and their relationships with Thomas to contrast Sabina and Tereza. Sabina represents the individual who would rather ignore reality and cope with the wonderful delusion that replaces it. Her relationship with Tomas is the first example we are presented of Sabina's inclination to avoid the truth. In the beginning of the film Tomas is shown to be what we would call a player. The very first scene of the film is of him leaving his doctoral responsibilities to join one of his nurses in the doctors' quarters to have sex. It ... ...mas and choice to carry the burden was the better choice being as that Tomas chose to stay with her than with Sabina. In the end, when the couple is removed from the city and they live in their own little isolated world, we see the extent of their happiness. In the very last scene of the movie, Tomas and Tereza look at each other, and each confesses that they are completely happy. Their happiness is an affirmation that it is better to carry a heavy load on your shoulders than to cope with the unbearable lightness of being. All you have to do is hope that one day the load gets lighter as it did for Tomas and Tereza. Work Cited Kundera, Milan. The Unbearable Lightness of Being: A Lover's Story. Trans. Henry Michael Hiem. New York: Harper, 1984. Work Consulted Banerjee, Maria Nemcova. Terminal Paradox: The Novels of Milan Kundera. New York: Grove, 1990.

Evaluate the Causes of World War I Essay

World war one is one of the most important events in world history. It took place in Europe in 1914-1918. The whole world participated this war. So everyone had some responsibility. There are more than one reasons for the outbreak of this war. Mainly, it was the expansion form of nationalism & the alliances system. Other issues played a major part too, such as imperialism, the industrial revolution, naval race and domestic factors. One of the main long term causes as I said before is Nationalism. Nationalism is the patriotic feeling when people believe passionately for their countries. The extreme feeling of nationalism is called ethnocentrism and it leads to fascism. Nationalism also, promoted the war because nationalists wanted to reestablish their nation’s power. Th e majority of people before and during the world war one, wanted to have a larger territory. Flags are created to represent a country. The three countries that formed the Triple Alliance was formed by different ethnic groups. Above all, Austria’s – Hungary’s ethnic groups wanted their independence. These groups were, Slovaks, Serbs & Czechs. They wanted to rule themselves and have their own state. Particularly, many Serbs in different territories wanted to join the neighboring state of Serbia. Italy was also formed from a collection of smaller states, aiming at having its government established. The trigger cause of world war one was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinard & his wife also by a Serbian nationalist. This happened in June 1914 while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was a part of Austria – Hungary. This assassination was in protest to Austria – Hungary having control of the region. This was the extreme form of nationalism as I said above, that killed the prince of Austria and world war one began. Another cause which cause the war is imperialism. In other words, the competition among powerful countries to extend their power. All the countries were looking for ways to conquer oversea colonies. There was a competitive feeling about it. They also needed more resources. Naval bases for Germany & Britain were also of paramount important. For example, France & Russia prepared to face any German invasion. Germany took from France an important industrial area of Alsace – Lorraine. In 1890 Germany has a New Kaiser who was very active. Germany seized control of Chinese ports & wanted more oversea colonies as Britain & France had. Italy also wanted more oversea colonies and that’s a reason it joined the Triple Alliance. Furthermore, there is another cause, the alliances. Alliances existed to support â€Å"friends† and threaten enemies. The promoted their own culture. Alliance’s movements are like gangs. They used violence and technology weapons. Alliances active role before the war was to understand the progress of the war & country’s movements. So before world war one Russia defended Serbia. Serbia’s territories were controlled by the state of Austria – Hungary. Serbia started the war against Austria – Hungary and Russia got involved. France & Russia had a close friendship. A response to get back its land Germany attacked France through Belgium. In 1884 the Triple Alliance we formed with Germany, Italy and Austria – Hungary to support each other militarily in case of an attack. The Triple Entente that formed in 1904 with Britain, France and Russia. The last cause of the war was the industrial revolution, in other words militarism. Militarism is associated with technology weapons. Such as cars, bombs, machine guns, submarines, bullets, dynamites etc. Industrial development was very important in order to be powerful. In this new war armies used cars and not horses. Another point is the radio, was used for propaganda. Everything was moving very fast. Military includes submarines, airplanes and machine guns. France & Russia worried a lot for Germany’s development. Loans from France helped Russia to develop industries. Germany’s navy plan named â€Å"Navy Code† was increasing their navy. This plan worked as a threaten to Britain. Germany’s development of their navy was apparent. It become one of the world’s most powerful navy in 1980 with Britain first. In 1914 German industries was second in the world only to that of the USA. Serbia was also becoming a powerful force in Balkans. France also built up their industries & army. Russia was the largest of all six powers however it was the most backward and least developed. As a result of this war there was devastation across Europe. Eight millions of people died & twenty – nine millions injured. The use of the word destruction includes issues we are not able to see. It’s not only the destruction of buildings, the lack of education and the economic decline. It’s also the lack of ideas, family issues, the psychology of the crowd, propaganda and much more. Even after the world war one for decades the leaders changing politics, changes & public opinions. In my opinion preserving the peace was neither Triple Alliance’s or Triple entente’s priority. What if the countries did not show off or compete for power? I believe that nationalism was the most important cause for causing the war. Consequently all the countries were reacting in extremely nationalistic ways and unreasonably. I also think world war one was a result of leader’s antagonism towards other countries which was sustained by the increasing nationalism of European nations. The assassination of Archduke worked as the immediate cause that triggered a domino effect of reactions among all these countries. If this wouldn’t happen, they would have find another cause to start the war. I suppose everything’s happened because of the selfishness leader’s had. They didn’t inspire the crowd & this prove that there was the failure of diplomacy.

The Globe Theater essays

The Globe Theater essays The Globe Theater changed the course of English Theater forever. The Globe broke rules of ownership, class standards, and promoted the greatest playwright ever, William Shakespeare. Throughout its history the Globe Theater has produced the best of Shakespeare and his amazing plays and when it was closed London never felt the same. But once again Shakespeare is upon us. The newly re-built Globe gives us one more chance to re-live Shakespeares plays. Through examining the history and collapse of the Globe Theater one can see how it has come to its recent re-birth, and that it is here to stay. The Globe Theater was opened in London in 1599. James Burbage, half owner of the theater, built the Globe. The other half of the theater belonged to five men of Lord Chamberlains Acting Company. William Shakespeare was the most famous member and owner in the Company. During this time period, it was unusual for the players to actually be owners of the theater at which they performed (Miller-Schutz 1). The Globe was a central feature of London life. It was the place of the first performances of Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. The Globe Theater was a gathering place for all social classes. Normally it would be uncommon for the Queen or any other royalty to be in the presence of so many commoners, but at the Globe it was different. There were no social standards on admission, only on where you were able to sit. The structure of the Globe was made out of timber and built in a round shape. The three-story theater had twenty wooden bays, oak pillars, a thatched roof, and a permanent stage. The Globe had an approximate diameter of a hundred feet, which allowed it to hold about three thousand spectators (Gurr 104). In 1613, during a performance of Henry VIII the Globe accidentally burned down, luckily none of the thousands of audience members were hurt. John Orrell describes that day best in his book, Rebui...

Amul Probiotic Ice-Cream Essay Example

Amul Probiotic Ice Amul Probiotic Ice-Cream Paper Amul Probiotic Ice-Cream Paper Amul Probiotic Ice-cream Part I: Concept Evaluation As per Market survey, most of the people are today becoming health and calorie conscious. Amul wanted to capture this health conscious market segment of ice cream consumers with the launch of its specially created Probiotic wellness ice cream. Essentially, it would not only convert non-consumers of ice cream into eaters but also increase frequency of ice cream eating. It expects to get 10 per cent additional growth only through the Probiotic range. Since the company will be the first to introduce the innovation, developed in-house, it expects to build the market and capture the entire market for Probiotic ice cream. (Source: scribd. com/doc/13702816/Amul-Prolife-Probiotic-Sugarfree-icecream-Project) Supporting Facts: 1. PROBIOTICS are live beneficial culture which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a beneficial health effect on the host. They help in digestion, improve the immune system, fight against allergic reactions and are effective in controlling travelers diarrhea. They also help in the prevention of formation and growth of colon cancer and enhances brain activity. 2. â€Å"The incorporation of Probiotic bacteria into ice-creams is highly advantageous since, in addition to being a rich food from the nutritional point of view, containing dairy raw material, vitamins and minerals in its composition, it is usually consumed by everybody, being well accepted by the public,† wrote the reviewers, led by Adriano Cruz from Universidade Estadual de Campinas in Sao Paulo. Food Research International. (Source: utraingredients. com/Research/Great-potential-of-Probiotic-ice-cream/) Concept Development Ideas for new products can be obtained from basic research using a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats). Strengths: Its wellness ice cream which improve immunity digestion. Amul Sugar-free Probiotic Diabetic Delight contains 50 per cent less fat and half of the calorie than normal ice cream. (Source: kashvet. org/bb/viewto pic. php? f=12t=123) Weaknesses: The durability of Amul ice-cream is not good, it melts very soon. Not a famous brand among youngsters who are the main customer. Opportunities: Since the company is the first to introduce the innovation, developed in-house, it expects to build the market and capture the entire market for Probiotic ice cream. The target market will be the Health conscious consumer. Threats: Competition from foreign existing brands like Baskin Robbins Gelato etc. Product Design Development Amul Probiotic wellness ice cream will be available in five flavours: vanilla with chocolate sauce, strawberry, chocolate, Anjir and fresh litchi. Also available in so many flavours packed in international packing. (Source: just-food. com/news/amul-set-to-launch-Probiotic-ice-cream_id97947. aspx) Planning Product Development Identify the Needs of Products/Services: With strong emphasis on Education, bigger workforce and longer working hours, there has been a significant change in the eating habits of people (especially in the Metro cities and Tier 2 cities). People have become more health conscious and Diet and Lifestyle related diseases have also been on the rise. In such an environment, a lot of essential food products and FMCG companies have come out with a range of products that focus on the specific needs of ever growing our urban population. Products such as Low Cholesterol Oil, Sugar Free Sweetener and Low Sodium Salt have been quite successful. The following factors have come into light during the process of Needs identification of ‘Amul Probiotic Ice cream’: Rising Educated Workforce in India Greater emphasis on Healthy Lifestyle Weight Consciousness as Ice-Creams are basically considered to be a Sweet/Delicacy that can make you fat if over-eaten High Sugar content in Ice-creams; making it unsuitable for Diabetic people Similar Strategized Products (for Health Conscious) already available and successful in the Market like Low Cholesterol Oil, Sugar Free Sweetener and Low Sodium Salt Infact, these are Healthy Ice-Creams which actually help improve our health in many aspects. Market Segmentation: The overall intent is t o identify groups of similar customers and potential customers; to prioritize the groups to address; to understand their behaviour; and to respond with appropriate marketing strategies that satisfy the preferences of chosen segment. The Needs/Requirements identified above will help in creating or identifying the Market Segment for our product. Let’s use the following four bases to segment our product’s market: Geographic segmentation: The product should be made available in Regions where Amul already has some presence, and especially with Hot Climate, which induces large consumption of Cold products like Ice creams. Demographic segmentation: Since the Product needs an aware, educated consumer market; the Product will have to be targeted towards Metro and Tier-II cities. Psychographic segmentation: The Lifestyle of High End cities; where most of the population is part of the workforce, highly urban preferences with a lot of emphasis on Diet and Health. Such an environment is highly conducive for the launch of Amul’s new healthy Ice creams which should not find it very difficult to find demand for its product. Behavioural segmentation: Urban cities already have a demand of Ice creams, with people mainly relying on packaged sweets and delicacies compared to the rural markets and small towns, where people still prefer home-cooked sweets. Also, High-Incomes in Urban cities would be able to absorb the slight increase in price (if any) for such products, due to the value being derived out of it. Based on the above factors, we could see the our Market Segment for ‘Amul Probiotic Ice cream’ can be defined as ‘Educated, aware, health conscious people living in Urban cities’. Deciding the Product features As per the Needs and Requirements identified and the Market segment decided, a complete range of product features will be formulated. Thereafter, a VOC (Voice of Customer) will be used to determine the Product features, composition, layout, packaging etc. Ensuring design for manufacturability Lower development cost o Same raw materials used to manufacture Probiotic ice cream as used to manufacture basic ice cream with additional process added to the overall process. o Little extra cost for heat treatment, incubation and inoculation to inculcate Probiotic culture. Shorter development time o Same process can be used with addition few activities to add Probiotic culture into the mix. o Flexibility and overlapping of process makes manufacturing time shorter. Faster manufacturing start of build Readily available of raw material and ready resources with same process line makes faster manufacturing start of build. Lower assembly and test costs o Same testing procedures can be used to test both the line of products makes overall testing cost lower. Higher quality o To ensure high quality following will be tested as per FDA standards ? Testing of milk products ? Tests for fat content, total solids ? Pasteurization efficiency ? Presence of antibiotics used to control cow disease PART-II Progress Tracking Metrics This section would focus on the Metrics to be used to track the progress of product development and success for the product – Amul Probiotic Icecream. Different stages and corresponding metrics: 1. Product and Process Design: No. of customer inputs (VOC / other source) converted to product design parameter. Metrics: No. of design parameters / No of significant customer inputs No. of design parameters found technically feasible for incorporation into the product / manufacturing process. Metrics: No. of feasible parameters / No of significant customer inputs Explanation: While launching a new product, the probability of acceptability of the product is increased when maximum number of (significant) customer inputs (culled from a market survey) is incorporated in to the finished product. Customers may provide inputs on preferred flavor of ice cream / packaging / preferred price range and such others. Not all flavors/packaging/price range may be techno-economically feasible. Hence a decision has to be taken for selection of optimum numbers of customer inputs (customer wish list) as product design parameters. This decision will be taken by a cross functional team which would include personnel from RD, Operations, Marketing, Finance and representative of higher management. These metric shall measure the deviation of the product design from the ideal product as per VOC. Management may use this metric to measure the fit of the product design with the market expectations on the product. 2. Manufacturing Process: In order to develop metrics for manufacturing process, a benchmark is required in following terms: (since this would involve mass production the smallest unit shall be one batch of packs instead of per unit pack) Standard time to process one batch of Amul Probiotic Ice cream. (ST) to be determined based on Work study. Standard cost involved to process one batch. (SC) to be determined based on ideal cost of inputs. Standard productivity measure (Value of input / Value of Output) Process performance variables shall be measured based on above benchmarks. Metrics: Actual Time to proce ss / ST Metrics: Actual Cost of Production / SC Metrics: Productivity (Factor productivity as well as total productivity) 3. Quality Control Process: This would entail development of usual QC metrics at various stages of production: QC parameter for raw materials (Variation of characteristics of inputs in comparison to prescribed technical specification. Applicable to all inputs including milk, Probiotic culture, packings etc. ) QC for finished product:- As above. 4. Marketing Process: The metrics involved shall be the usual marketing metrics including: Quantity sold compared with estimated sales at various time (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half yearly and annual sales after launch). Retail outlet wise / segment wise throughput – to assess market reception of the product after launch in various localities/region and across various market segments. Percentage conversion of normal ice cream user to Probiotic ice cream. Number of new converts – non ice cream users buying Probiotic ice cream. The Manufacturing Process Probiotic ice creams manufacturing process involves many common things with rest of the Amul ’s product. Raw material is same as that is used in other milk products of the company. In this way this product being new will be more cost effective and time spent on the production will also be low. Amul Probiotic Ice Cream Process Flow Chart [pic] Process Followed: 1. Milk is a perishable commodity. For this reason, it is usually processed locally within diary. [pic] Cows are milked twice a day using mechanical vacuum milking machines. The raw milk flows through stainless steel or glass pipes to a refrigerated bulk milk tank. Collecting Dairy cows are milked twice a day using mechanical vacuum milking machines. The raw milk flows through stainless steel or glass pipes to a refrigerated bulk milk tank where it is cooled to about 40 ° F (4. 4 ° C). A refrigerated bulk tank truck makes collections from dairy farms in the area within a few hours. Before pumping the milk from each farms tank, the driver collects a sample and checks the flavor and temperature and records the volume. At the milk processing plant, the milk in the truck is weighed and is pumped into refrigerated tanks in the plant through flexible stainless steel or plastic hoses. Separating The cold raw milk pas ses through either a clarifier or a separator, which spins the milk through a series of conical disks inside an enclosure. A clarifier removes debris, some bacteria, and any sediment that may be present in the raw milk. A separator performs the same task, but also separates the heavier milk fat from the lighter milk to produce both cream and skim milk. The excess milk fat is drawn off and processed into cream or butter. Fortifying Vitamins A and D may be added to the milk at this time by a peristaltic pump, [pic] A clarifier removes debris, some bacteria, and any sediment that may be present in the raw milk. The milk is then fortified and pasteurized,which automatically dispenses the correct amount of vitamin concentrate into the flow of milk Pasteurizing The milk- either whole milk, skim milk, or standardized milk- is piped into a pasteurizer to kill any bacteria. There are several methods used to pasteurize milk. The most common is called the high-temperature, short-time (HTST) process in which the milk is heated as it flows through the pasteurizer continuously. Whole milk, skim milk, and standardized milk must be heated to 161 ° F (72 ° C) for 15 seconds. Homogenizing Most milk is homogenized to reduce the size of the remaining milk fat particles. This prevents the milk fat from separating and floating to the surface as cream. It also ensures that the milk fat will be evenly distributed through the milk. The hot milk from the pasteurizer is pressurized to 2,500-3,000 psi (17,200-20,700 kPa) by a multiple-cylinder piston pump and is forced through very small passages in an adjusta ble valve. The shearing effect of being forced through the tiny openings breaks down the fat particles into the proper size. The milk is then quickly cooled to 40 ° F (4.  ° C) to avoid harming its taste. This milk after undergoing all the above stated processes is finally used in the preparation of Probiotic ice creams. Packaging Packaging process includes the same process as used for Amul Ice-creams, the packets are of same size some as paper packs, plastic bowls etc, but the picture the packs contain is different stating Probiotic Ice-creams. Quality Control The federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) publishes the Grade A Milk Ordinance which sets sanitation standards for milk production in most states and for all interstate milk shippers. The composition of milk and milk products is specified in Agricultural Handbook 52 published by the United States Department of Agriculture. It lists both federal and state standards. Testing of milk products includes tests for fat content, total solids, pasteurization efficiency, presence of antibiotics used to control cow disease, and many others. 1. Village Dairy Cooperative Society (VDCS) The milk producers of a village, having surplus milk after own consumption, come together and form a Village Dairy Cooperative Society (VDCS). The Village Dairy Cooperative is the primary society under the three-tier structure. The main functions of the VDCS are as follows: Collection of surplus milk from the milk producers of the village payment based on quality quantity Providing support services to the members like Veterinary First Aid, Artificial Insemination services, cattle-feed sales, mineral mixture sales, fodder fodder seed sales, conducting training on Animal Husbandry Dairying, etc. 2. District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union (Milk Union) The Village Societies of a District having surplus milk after local sales come together and form a District Milk Union. The Milk Union is the second tier under the three-tier structure. The main functions of the Milk Union are as follows: Procurement of milk from the Village Dairy Societies of the District Arranging transportation of raw milk from the VDCS to the Milk Union. Providing input services to the producers like Veterinary Care, Artificial Insemination services, cattle-feed sales, mineral mixture sales, fodder fodder seed sales, etc. Conducting training on Cooperative Development, Animal Husbandry Dairying. Providing management support to the VDCS along with regular supervision of its activities. Establish Chilling Centers Dairy Plants for processing the milk received from the villages. Process milk into various milk milk products as per the requirement of State Marketing Federation. Decide on the prices of milk products. 3. State Cooperative Milk Federations (Federation) The Milk Unions of a State are federated into a State Cooperative Milk Federation. The Federation is the apex t ier under the three-tier structure. It has membership of all the cooperative Milk Unions of the State and is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of one elected representative of each Milk Union. The main functions of the Federation are as follows: Marketing of milk milk products processed / manufactured by Milk Unions. Establish distribution network for marketing of milk milk products. Arranging transportation of milk milk products from the Milk Unions to the market. Creating maintaining a brand for marketing of milk milk product (brand building). Decide on the prices of milk milk products to be paid to Milk Unions. Decide on the products to be manufactured at various Milk Unions (product-mix) and capacity required for the same. Conduct long-term Milk Production, Procurement Processing as well as Marketing Planning. Designing providing training on Cooperative Development, Technical Marketing functions. Technological hurdles for the incorporation of Probiotic bacteria into ice-cream 3. 1. Fruit pulp or juice as an ingredient of Probiotic ice-creams 3. 2. Addition of Probiotic cultures to ice-cream 3. 3. Stability of the Probiotic cultures during ice-cream stor age 3. 4. Overrun and Probiotic microorganisms 3. 5. Influence of storage conditions on the characteristics of Probiotic ice-creams Plan for Vendor/Suppliers and Supply Chain Management Existing supplier / vendors will be used who are currently supplying raw materials for normal ice cream to supply extra milk, yoghurt to manufacture Probiotic ice cream In addition to that, there will be some raw material used to add Probiotic Culture into the ice-cream. We will be requiring Vendors for the supplying. Capabilities of Vendor On time Delivery Well educated and technologically competent. Able to understand the process and technical aspect like specification provided. Number of years in the supply chain business. Good market reputation and business size.